مابعد الطبیعیات، سائنس اور اخلاقیات: ابنِ رشد اور معاصر مغربی افکار کا تنقیدی و تقابلی جائزہ

Metaphysics, Science, and Ethics: A Critical and Comparative Study of Averroes and Contemporary Western Thought

Abstract

This study presents a critical and comparative analysis of the philosophical, scientific, and ethical discourses of Averroes (1126 - 1198) against the backdrop of contemporary Western thought. In an era dominated by secular materialism and positivism, the relationship between metaphysics, science, and morality has become increasingly polarized in the West. This research explores how Averroes maintained a profound harmony between reason and divine revelation, viewing physical causes not as accidental occurrences, but as manifestations of divine wisdom. In contrast, modern Western paradigms, ranging from Darwinian evolutionism and Cartesian dualism to Secularism and Pragmatism, have progressively decoupled empirical science from transcendent realities, leading to a profound crisis of objective ethics. Through a qualitative and analytical methodology, this paper scrutinizes key thematic areas, including the critique of evolutionary presuppositions, the metaphysical limits of physical laws, the nature of prophecy and miracles, and the sociopolitical implications of secularization and liberal individualism. The findings reveal that while Western positivism reduces human existence to material utility and subjective values, Averroes’ balanced intellectual framework offers a resilient alternative that restores the sacred bond between science and morality. The study concludes that navigating contemporary global crises necessitates a return to an integrated epistemic model where empirical inquiry remains anchored in divine guidance and the universal ethical paradigm of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).