The Study of Religion and History is a peer-reviewed academic journal dedicated to exploring the intersections of religious phenomena and historical contexts. It serves as a platform for scholars, historians, theologians, and researchers to engage in interdisciplinary discourse, critically analyzing how religious beliefs, practices, and institutions have influenced and been influenced by historical events, societal developments, and cultural evolutions. Aims and Scope: The journal aims to bridge the realms of religion and history, offering a comprehensive platform for research that explores the interconnectedness of religious beliefs, practices, and institutions with historical events, societal developments, and cultural evolution. The scope of the journal encompasses a diverse range of topics, including but not limited to: Historical Perspectives on Religious Movements: Investigations into the emergence, evolution, and impact of religious movements, sects, and denominations throughout history. Religion and Society: Exploration of the intricate relationship between religion and social structures, examining religious influences on governance, law, ethics, and societal norms. Historical Texts and Interpretations: Analyses of religious scriptures, historical texts, and their interpretations, shedding light on the evolution of religious doctrines and belief systems. Religion and Conflict: Studies examining the role of religion in conflicts, wars, and peace-building efforts throughout history. Cultural and Ritual Studies: Research on religious rituals, practices, symbolism, and their cultural significance across different historical periods and societies. Editorial Process and Academic Standards: The journal upholds stringent academic standards, employing a rigorous peer-review process to ensure the scholarly rigor, originality, and relevance of published content. Submissions undergo comprehensive evaluation by experts in religious studies, history, and related disciplines, maintaining the academic integrity and quality of the journal.
All articles published in The Study of Religion and History (SRH) are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction, and reuse in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are properly cited.
غزوۂ احزاب کے سیرتی مباحث پر: تفسیرِ بیان القرآن اور سیرت ابن ہشام کے بیانیہ کا تحقیقی تجزیہ
The Battle of al-Ahzab (the Battle of the Trench) represents one of the most decisive episodes in the Prophetic biography, marking a critical phase in the consolidation of the nascent Muslim community in Madinah. Besides its historical significance, the event occupies a prominent place in the Qur'anic discourse, particularly in Surah al-Ahzab, where it is presented as a profound test of faith, leadership, perseverance, and divine support. Muslim exegetes have extensively relied on the classical works of Sīrah and Maghāzī to elucidate the Qur'anic account of this expedition. In this context, the present study critically examines the Sīrah-related discussions on the Battle of al-Ahzab presented in Bayān al-Qurʾān in comparison with the narrative of Sīrat Ibn Hishām. Employing a qualitative, analytical, and comparative research methodology, the study explores areas of convergence and divergence between the two works concerning the causes of the battle, the role of Banū Naḍīr, the coalition of hostile tribes, the excavation of the trench, the strategies adopted by the Prophet ﷺ, the role of Nuʿaym ibn Masʿūd, the duel between ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib and ʿAmr ibn ʿAbd Wudd, and the trial of the believers during the siege. The findings reveal that both works largely agree on the major historical events while differing in the level of detail, narrative emphasis, and interpretive approach. Bayān al-Qurʾān primarily highlights the exegetical, educational, and spiritual dimensions of the event, whereas Sīrat Ibn Hishām preserves a more detailed chronological and historical narrative. The study demonstrates the complementary relationship between Qur'anic exegesis and classical Sīrah literature in reconstructing and understanding the historical and theological dimensions of the Battle of al-Ahzab.
ETHICAL LEADERSHIP AND TAZKIYAH AL-NAFS IN THE ATHĀR OF ʿUMAR IBN AL-KHAṬṬĀB: A THEMATIC ANALYSIS
This study examines the concept of Tazkiyah al-Nafs (self-purification) in the athār of ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb, with particular focus on self-accountability (muḥāsabah), taqwā, zuhd, moral discipline, and ethical leadership. Drawing upon selected narrations preserved in Musannaf Ibn Abī Shaybah and Musannaf ʿAbd al-Razzāq, the article employs a qualitative thematic analysis to identify the spiritual and ethical principles underlying ʿUmar’s guidance and practice. The study analyzes relevant Arabic athār, provides English translations, and examines their implications within broader discussions of Islamic ethics and leadership. The findings reveal that ʿUmar’s model of leadership was deeply rooted in continuous self-evaluation, God-consciousness, moral restraint, and personal integrity. Furthermore, the study demonstrates the contemporary relevance of these principles for ethical governance, character development, educational reform, and organizational leadership. By highlighting the relationship between self-purification and responsible leadership, this research contributes to contemporary scholarship on Islamic ethical thought and leadership studies.
فکر اسلامی کے احیاء میں مولانامحمدبشیر انصاری کےکردار کا جائزہ
This research aims to analyze the role of Maulana Muhammad Bashir Ansari in the revival of Islamic thought in the contemporary era. Islamic thought has always played a central role in shaping the intellectual, moral, and social structure of Muslim societies. However, modern challenges such as secularism, westernization, materialism, and intellectual confusion have created a need for scholars who can reinterpret and present Islamic teachings according to contemporary needs while remaining firmly connected to the classical sources of Islam. Maulana Muhammad Bashir Ansari emerged as an influential religious scholar who dedicated his scholarly and practical efforts to the promotion and revival of Islamic values and thought. Through his teachings, sermons, writings, and reformative activities, he emphasized the comprehensive nature of Islam as a complete code of life. His methodology reflected moderation, intellectual balance, and a deep attachment to the Qur’an and Sunnah. The study further examines his contributions in the fields of religious education, moral reform, intellectual training of youth, and the protection of Islamic values against modern ideological influences. It highlights how he attempted to bridge the gap between classical Islamic scholarship and contemporary intellectual demands. The research concludes that Maulana Bashir Ansari significantly contributed to strengthening religious awareness and promoting a balanced understanding of Islam in society.
An Empirical Investigation into the Effectiveness of Digital Learning Tools in Enhancing English Language Proficiency in ESL Classrooms in Pakistan
This empirical study investigates the effectiveness of digital learning tools in enhancing English language proficiency among secondary school students in ESL classrooms in Pakistan. Utilizing a mixed-methods research design, the study examines the impact of various digital tools—including language learning applications, multimedia resources, and interactive online platforms—on students' reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills. Data were collected through pre- and post-intervention language proficiency assessments, classroom observations, and semi-structured interviews with 120 students and 20 teachers from four public secondary schools in Lahore. The findings reveal that digital learning tools significantly improve students' English language proficiency, with the most substantial gains observed in vocabulary acquisition and reading comprehension. Students in the experimental group demonstrated a 27% improvement in overall language proficiency compared to 11% in the control group. The study also identifies key factors influencing the effectiveness of digital tools, including teacher training, technological infrastructure, student motivation, and integration of tools into the curriculum. Challenges such as limited internet access, inadequate teacher training, and lack of technical support were found to hinder effective implementation. The research contributes to the growing body of literature on technology-enhanced language learning in developing country contexts and offers practical recommendations for policymakers, educators, and curriculum developers.
اہل اسلام اور مستشرقین کے مابین فکری اور عملی عناد کے اسباب: نتائج اور تدارک کے بارے عملی اقدامات کا جائزہIntellectual and Practical Hostility between Muslims and Orientalists: An Analytical Study of Causes, Consequences, and Remedial Measures
The intellectual and practical hostility between the Muslim world and Orientalists has remained a significant subject in academic, cultural, and political discourse. This conflict emerged from historical, religious, colonial, and ideological differences that shaped mutual perceptions over centuries. Orientalist scholarship, while contributing to the study of Islamic civilization, has often been criticized for presenting biased interpretations of Islam, Muslim societies, and Islamic history. On the other hand, some reactions from the Muslim world have been marked by mistrust, emotional responses, and limited academic engagement. The consequences of this conflict include the spread of Islamophobia, cultural misunderstandings, academic polarization, and weakened interfaith relations. Furthermore, media propaganda and political interests have intensified these tensions in the modern era. This study examines the major causes behind the intellectual and practical antagonism between Muslims and Orientalists, evaluates its social and ideological impacts, and highlights the need for constructive dialogue and scholarly cooperation. The research also proposes practical measures for reconciliation, including promoting authentic Islamic scholarship, encouraging academic exchange programs, strengthening interfaith communication, revising biased educational materials, and utilizing digital platforms for accurate representation of Islam. Mutual respect, objective research, and collaborative intellectual efforts are essential to reducing misconceptions and establishing peaceful coexistence between civilizations. The study concludes that balanced scholarship and positive engagement can play a vital role in overcoming prejudice and fostering global harmony.
Mr. Saleem Ullah Masroor,Dr. Mufti Kaleem Ullah,Mr. Abdur Rauf
ادیانِ عالم میں شعار کا تصوراور ان کی حرمت ایک تجزیاتی مطالعہ
This research article presents an analytical study of the concept of religious symbols (Sha'a'ir) in world religions and explores their sanctity and significance within different faith traditions. Religious symbols are the outward and inward signs through which adherents of a religion express their worship, beliefs, and religious identity. In Islam, the term Sha'a'ir Allah (symbols of Allah) holds immense sanctity, as they represent manifestations of faith (iman), piety (taqwa), and servitude to the Almighty. The Holy Qur'an explicitly mentions these symbols and elevates their veneration to the level of piety of the heart. Similarly, other world religions also recognize symbols as fundamental to their religious identity, such as sacrifice and the house of worship in Judaism, baptism and the cross in Christianity, and temples and ritual worship (puja) in Hinduism. This study adopts a comparative methodology to examine these concepts across different religious traditions, aiming to clarify that in Islam, religious symbols are not merely rituals but serve as a profound connection between belief and practice. The research explores the theological foundations, historical development, and contemporary relevance of religious symbols, analyzing how they function as markers of identity, devotion, and communal belonging. It also discusses the issue of sanctity and respect for religious symbols, highlighting the importance of interfaith understanding and tolerance in a pluralistic world. The study concludes that while each religious tradition has its own distinctive symbols, the underlying purpose of these symbols is universal: they serve as a means to connect the human being with the Divine, reinforce communal identity, and manifest the inner dimensions of faith through outward expressions.
پاکستان میں تولیدی صحت: مقاصدِ شریعت اور سیرتِ نبوی ﷺ کے تناظر میں چیلنجز کا تدارک
Reproductive health is a fundamental component of public health that encompasses the physical, mental, and social well-being of individuals in matters related to the reproductive system. In Pakistan, reproductive health remains a major challenge due to high maternal mortality rates, early marriages, limited access to healthcare facilities, inadequate awareness regarding family planning, and various socio-cultural barriers. These issues adversely affect not only women and children but also the stability and development of society as a whole. This study examines the challenges of reproductive health in Pakistan through the perspectives of Maqasid al-Shariah and the Prophetic Seerah. Using an analytical and descriptive approach, the study highlights that the objectives of Islamic law, particularly Hifz al-Nafs (protection of life) and Hifz al-Nasl (protection of progeny), provide a comprehensive framework for addressing contemporary reproductive health concerns. The teachings of the Qur’an and the Sunnah emphasize the preservation of human dignity, responsible family life, access to treatment, maternal care, and the well-being of future generations. The study further demonstrates that there is no contradiction between authentic Islamic teachings and modern medical practices concerning reproductive health. Rather, an effective integration of Islamic principles with evidence-based healthcare policies can contribute significantly to improving reproductive health outcomes in Pakistan. The research concludes that enhancing public awareness, strengthening healthcare infrastructure, increasing access to maternal services, promoting community engagement, and incorporating Maqasid al-Shariah into health policies are essential steps toward establishing a healthier and more balanced society.
Women’s Inheritance Rights in Pakistan: Bridging the Gap Between Islamic Mandate and Cultural Practice
This article provides a comprehensive examination of the inheritance rights of women in Pakistan through the dual lenses of Islamic jurisprudence and national legislation. While the Qur'an and Sunnah established a revolutionary system of female inheritance fourteen centuries ago, pervasive cultural norms and misconceptions in various Pakistani regions systematically deprive women of their rightful shares. The study delineates common social misconceptions, elaborates on the precise mathematical principles of Islamic inheritance law (*Ilm al-Faraid*), and critically analyzes the Pakistani legal framework, including the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance, 1961, the Women's Property Rights Act, 2020, and the role of NADRA inheritance certificates. The article concludes with pragmatic recommendations aimed at enhancing public awareness, strengthening legal enforcement mechanisms, and achieving gender justice as ordained by Islamic principles.
Dr. Hafiz Sajjad Hussain, Dr. Hafiz Muhammad Abu Bakar,Dr. Muhammad Abbas
سلسلہ قادریہ کی اہم سیاسی شخصیات کا سیاسی کردار
The political role of Sufis is of great need and importance because on the one hand, people generally believe that Sufis had nothing to do with worldly wealth and politics and that they were always engaged in remembrance and worship purely for the sake of Allah's pleasure. On the other hand, if we look at the general attitude of Sufis towards government and politics, it is clear that many caliphs and Sufis have stood up to the rulers of their time. Although the era of the sixth century AH was a period of political glory and splendor for the Muslims, inwardly, moral decline and spiritual stagnation had shaken the Ummah. In such a situation, the emergence of Hazrat Syed Abdul Qadir Jilani came in the form of a revivalist awakening. He not only revived the pulpit and the mihrab but also awakened the hearts. His speeches were not just a series of words, but conveyed messages to the depths of the soul. Syed Abdul Qadir Jilani guided the nation at a time when it was immersed in the errors of disbelief. The Qadiriyya order is attributed to Abdul Qadir Jilani and its origins date back to the eighth Imam.
From Hijrah to Digital Transformation: A Critical Study of the “Emigration” Entry in Brill’s Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān (Letter E) and Its Relevance to Artificial Intelligence Ethics
The contemporary world is undergoing rapid transformation driven by Artificial Intelligence (AI), reshaping human cognition, social organization, and ethical decision-making. This technological shift has created an urgent need for interdisciplinary frameworks that can bridge classical religious thought with modern digital realities. This study critically examines the “Emigration” (Hijrah) entry in Brill’s Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān (Letter E), situating it within Qur’anic discourse and exploring its relevance to AI ethics and digital transformation. Methodologically, the research employs qualitative textual analysis, combining Qur’anic exegesis, classical Islamic scholarship, and contemporary AI ethics literature. The study argues that Hijrah is not merely a historical migration but a dynamic ethical principle of transformative movement from oppression to justice, from stagnation to progress, and from moral corruption to ethical refinement. By critically analyzing the Brill entry, the paper highlights both its academic strengths and its limitations in addressing modern technological realities such as algorithmic governance, digital surveillance, and AI-driven decision systems. The study further proposes the concept of “Digital Hijrah,” reinterpreting Qur’anic ethical migration as a framework for navigating digital transformation in the age of AI. It suggests that Islamic ethical principles such as justice (ʿadl), stewardship (khilāfah), and moral excellence (iḥsān) can provide a foundational ethical architecture for responsible AI governance. Ultimately, the paper contributes to the growing field of religion and technology studies by demonstrating how Qur’anic concepts, when critically reinterpreted, can inform contemporary debates on AI ethics, human agency, and digital civilization.
SOLUTIONS TO MODERN REFUGEE AND ECONOMIC CRISES IN THE LIGHT OF MUWAKHAT-E-MADINAH
The modern world faces two major challenges: refugee crises and economic instability. Refugees often struggle with displacement, lack of resources, and social acceptance, while host communities face economic and social pressures. A historical model that offers guidance is Muwakhat-e-Madinah—the brotherhood established by Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) between the migrants (Muhajirun) and the hosts (Ansar) in Madinah. This system was based on compassion, resource-sharing, and social integration. Applying its principles today means encouraging solidarity between nations, fair distribution of wealth, and community-based support for refugees. Economically, it promotes cooperation, reduces inequality, and builds trust among diverse groups. By reviving the spirit of Muwakhat-e-Madinah, societies can create sustainable solutions that combine humanitarian values with economic stability, ensuring dignity and opportunity for all. The study found that Muwakhat-e-Madinah offers a practical model for refugee integration and economic solidarity. It demonstrates that refugees can be absorbed when treated as equals, highlights the importance of resource-sharing, and emphasizes reducing inequality by ensuring access to education, healthcare, and employment.The principles of Muwakhat-e-Madinah remain relevant today. Governments and communities should adopt policies that encourage refugee integration, promote cooperative economic programs, and ensure fair distribution of resources. International organizations can use this model to design sustainable strategies, balancing humanitarian duty with economic stability.
ریاست نبویﷺ: اسلامی سیاسی نظم کی بنیادیں
This article explores the foundations of the Islamic political order as established by Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ), tracing its roots from the Makkan period to its practical realization in Madinah. The study argues that the foundations of the Prophetic State were laid during the Makkan era through the cultivation of faith, moral discipline, social responsibility, and a distinct collective identity among Muslims. The Makkan phase served as a preparatory stage that shaped the ideological and ethical framework necessary for state formation. Following the Hijrah, these principles were translated into a functional political system in Madinah based on justice, consultation (Shūrā), rule of law, accountability, and the protection of human rights. The article further examines the significance of the Constitution of Madinah, interfaith relations, public welfare, and administrative organization as essential components of the Prophetic model of governance. By analyzing the Qur’an, Sunnah, and early Islamic historical sources, the study demonstrates that the Prophetic State represented a comprehensive and value-based political order whose principles continue to offer guidance for contemporary governance and political thought.
Bushra Ashraf,Dr. Syed Hamid Farooq Bukhari
الكنايات النفسية والخلقية في القرآن الكريم بين الدلالة البلاغية والترجمة البشتونية: دراسة تطبيقية مقارنة على ترجمتي "تعليم القرآن" و"أفضل التراجم"
This study investigates psychological and ethical metonymies in the Holy Qur’an and explores their rhetorical and artistic dimensions, highlighting their role in portraying inner emotions and moral values through vivid sensory imagery. It also aims to evaluate the extent to which two Pashto translations, Ta‘līm al-Qur’ān and Afdal al-Tarājim, succeed in conveying the metonymic meanings and preserving their psychological and ethical implications. The study employs a descriptive, analytical, and comparative approach by examining selected Qur’anic verses containing psychological and ethical metonymies, analyzing them in the light of classical exegetical and rhetorical sources, and comparing their renderings in the two Pashto translations. The findings reveal that Qur’anic metonymy performs profound rhetorical and aesthetic functions that transcend literal meanings and produce emotional and educational effects. The study also demonstrates that Ta‘līm al-Qur’ān is generally more successful in preserving the psychological and ethical dimensions and rhetorical intentions of the Qur’anic text, whereas Afdal al-Tarājim tends, in several cases, toward literal translation that conveys the surface image without adequately reflecting its emotional and moral implications. The study concludes that translating Qur’anic metonymy into other languages requires balancing fidelity to the original text with preserving its rhetorical and psychological impact, and that moderate explanatory translation is more effective in conveying the spirit of Qur’anic expression than purely literal translation.
سماجی و اقتصادی ترقی میں اسلامی مالیاتی نظام اور اداروں کا کردار
This study explores the role of the Islamic financial system and its institutions in promoting social and economic development. The Islamic financial framework is based on Shariah principles that emphasize justice, equity, risk-sharing, prohibition of interest (riba), and ethical investment. Unlike conventional financial systems, Islamic finance integrates moral and economic dimensions, ensuring that financial activities contribute to real economic growth and social welfare.The research analyzes key Islamic financial instruments such as Zakat, Sadaqah, Waqf, Mudarabah, Musharakah, Murabaha, and Sukuk, highlighting their contribution to poverty alleviation, wealth redistribution, and infrastructure development. Islamic financial institutions, including Islamic banks, microfinance organizations, and charitable trusts, play a vital role in mobilizing resources and directing them toward productive and socially beneficial sectors. Furthermore, the study examines how Islamic finance supports inclusive economic growth by providing financial access to underserved populations, particularly small businesses and low-income groups. It also evaluates the role of Islamic financial institutions in stabilizing economies during financial crises through risk-sharing mechanisms and asset-backed financing.In contemporary times, Islamic finance has gained global recognition as a sustainable and ethical alternative to conventional banking. Its emphasis on real-sector investment, transparency, and social responsibility aligns with the goals of sustainable development and financial inclusion. The findings suggest that strengthening Islamic financial institutions can significantly enhance economic stability, reduce inequality, and promote balanced social development.The study concludes that the Islamic financial system offers a holistic model that integrates economic efficiency with social justice, making it highly relevant for addressing modern socio-economic challenges in both Muslim and non-Muslim societies.
کاسمیٹک سرجری کی شرعی حیثیت:اصول اجتہاد کی روشنی میں
Allah Almighty has created human beings in the best form and endowed them with a dignified physical structure. The human body is a divine trust, and Islam emphasizes its protection, preservation, and proper care. Islamic law not only encourages the treatment of diseases and physical disorders but also permits the removal of defects that may cause psychological, social, or functional harm to an individual. Physical abnormalities and disfigurements, although not always associated with direct bodily pain, often result in significant emotional and social distress, thereby necessitating medical intervention. With the advancement of modern medical science, plastic and cosmetic surgery have emerged as important methods for correcting physical defects, restoring bodily functions, and improving appearance. These surgical procedures may involve reconstruction of damaged organs, correction of congenital abnormalities, or enhancement of physical features through various medical techniques. The growing popularity of cosmetic surgery in contemporary society has raised important Sharīʿah questions regarding its permissibility and limits. Since cosmetic surgery in its modern form was not known during the classical period of Islamic jurisprudence, detailed rulings on many contemporary procedures are not explicitly found in the works of early jurists. Nevertheless, the Qur’an, Sunnah, and the established principles of Islamic jurisprudence provide comprehensive guidelines through which such issues can be evaluated. This paper examines the Sharīʿah status of various forms of cosmetic surgery in the light of the principles of Ijtihād, distinguishing between reconstructive procedures undertaken for medical necessity and purely aesthetic surgeries intended for beautification. The study aims to identify the juristic foundations governing these procedures and to determine their legal rulings within the framework of contemporary Islamic legal thought.
معالم القرآن میں مذکور مباحثِ تفضیلِ رسالت اور نظامِ خصائص کا کلامی و اسلوبیاتی جائزہ اور اس کی عصری معنویت
The concept of prophetic preference (Tafḍīl al-Risālah) and the structured system of prophetic attributes (Niẓām al-Khasā'iṣ) represent foundational nodes within Islamic theology (‘Ilm al-Kalām). This research paper offers a rigorous theological and stylistic critique of these dimensions as articulated by the eminent South Asian exegete, Mawlana Muhammad Ali Siddiqui Kandhlawi, in his monumental work Ma‘ālim al-Qur’ān. By synthesized analysis of the apparent dialectical tension between the absolute Qur'anic assertions of prophetic hierarchy and the canonical prophetic traditions prohibiting exclusionary superiority, Kandhlawi constructs a balanced theological framework. He distinctively utilizes the metaphysical formulations of Imam Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi regarding Christological realities and the intrinsic virtues of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ), while systematically mapping the traditional Khasā'iṣ against the literary and syntactical paradigms of the Qur'anic text. In addition to its hermeneutical exploration, this study evaluates the contemporary relevance of Kandhlawi’s theological discourse amidst modern existential challenges. In an era dominated by secular globalization, western orientalism, and the philosophical onslaught of modern religious pluralism, Ma‘ālim al-Qur’ān offers a profound intellectual antidote. The research highlights how the text establishes the absolute universal sovereignty (Al-Ba‘thah al-‘Ammah) and global mercy (Raḥmah lil-‘Ālamīn) of the Prophet (ﷺ) as a comprehensive ideological paradigm capable of dismantling contemporary epistemic challenges. Ultimately, this study serves to restore theological moderation within the contemporary Muslim discourse, navigating carefully between the dual extremes of dogmatic exaggeration (Ghulū) and modern reductionism, thereby presenting a multi-faceted model of prophethood that is both academically robust and contextually pertinent.
فقہ جعفری کا تعارف، اصولِ اجتہاد، منہج اور مکاتب
The Ja'fari School of Islamic jurisprudence occupies a significant position in the development of Islamic legal thought, particularly within the Shi'a intellectual tradition. Distinguished by its reliance on the Qur'an, the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) as transmitted through the Ahl al-Bayt, reason ('Aql), and scholarly consensus (Ijma'), the Ja'fari legal methodology presents a comprehensive framework for deriving legal rulings. This article examines the historical evolution of Ja'fari Fiqh, its foundational principles of Ijtihad, methodological approaches, and its major scholarly traditions and schools. It further explores the distinctive features that differentiate the Ja'fari methodology from other Islamic legal schools while highlighting areas of convergence within the broader Islamic legal heritage. Through an analytical and comparative approach, the study evaluates the contribution of Ja'fari jurisprudence to contemporary Islamic legal discourse and its relevance in addressing modern socio-legal challenges. The article concludes that the Ja'fari school represents a dynamic and intellectually rich legal tradition whose principles of reasoning and interpretation continue to play an important role in the development of Islamic jurisprudence in the contemporary world.
جنگ عظیم اول کا خاتمہ اور معاصرے اسلامی دنیا کی جغرافیائی تقسیم کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ
The end of the First World War (1914–1918) marked a decisive turning point in world history and fundamentally transformed the political and geographical landscape of the Islamic world. The collapse of the Ottoman Empire, which had long served as a symbol of political unity for many Muslims, created a power vacuum that enabled the victorious European powers to redraw the map of the Middle East and other Muslim-majority regions in accordance with their strategic and colonial interests. Through agreements such as the Sykes–Picot Agreement and the implementation of the Mandate System under the League of Nations, new territorial boundaries were established that often disregarded historical, ethnic, religious, and cultural realities. These developments laid the foundation for numerous political disputes, sectarian divisions, border conflicts, and governance challenges that continue to influence the contemporary Islamic world. This article presents an analytical study of the geopolitical consequences of the First World War, with particular emphasis on the territorial fragmentation of Muslim lands and its enduring political, social, and ideological implications. It examines the motives behind the colonial restructuring of the region, the emergence of modern nation-states, and the decline of transnational Islamic political authority. Furthermore, the study evaluates how externally imposed borders and colonial administrative policies contributed to regional instability, identity crises, and prolonged conflicts. By employing a historical and analytical approach, the article argues that many of the contemporary geopolitical challenges facing the Islamic world are deeply rooted in the post-war settlement and the reconfiguration of its political geography. The study concludes that a comprehensive understanding of these historical transformations is essential for interpreting present-day regional dynamics and for developing informed perspectives on peace, stability, and cooperation within the Muslim world.
تبلیغی جماعت کے تربیتی نصاب کی شرعی حیثیت اور بدعت کے اعتراض کے تناظر میں ایک تحقیقی مطالعہ
A frequently raised criticism of the Tablighi Jamaat is that its contemporary methodology of da‘wah characterized by the formulation of six foundational principles (faith, prayer, knowledge and remembrance of Allah, honoring fellow Muslims, sincerity of intention, and da‘wah and tabligh), their presentation in a prescribed sequence, and their adoption as the central framework of its missionary activities lacks explicit precedent in this specific form during the Prophetic era or the period of the righteous early generations (the Companions, the Successors, and their Successors). Critics further contend that the practice of allocating fixed periods for missionary engagement, such as three days, forty days, four months, and one year, organizing collective outreach tours (gasht), emphasizing these programs, and maintaining regular gatherings on Thursday nights and other occasions, constitutes a religious innovation (bid‘ah) and an unwarranted addition to the religion. This article critically examines this objection through the lens of the Qur’an, the Sunnah, Islamic jurisprudence, established principles of da‘wah, and the perspectives of contemporary Muslim scholars. It seeks to assess whether the criticism is supported by sound religious and scholarly evidence or whether it arises from a misunderstanding of the distinction between immutable religious teachings and administrative, educational, and organizational means employed for their propagation. The study aims to provide a balanced and objective evaluation of the issue and to clarify the legitimacy of such methodologies within the broader framework of Islamic legal and doctrinal principles.
Early Childhood Care and Education across Development Contexts: A Comparative Review of Policies, Access, Quality, Equity, and Learning Outcomes in Developing and Developed Countries
Early childhood care and education (ECCE) is a key investment in human development with profound consequences for educational equity, social mobility and economic productivity. Although world leaders have pledged to achieve universal access to quality ECCE by 2030 (SDG 4.2), significant inequities remain between developed and developing countries in terms of policies, financing, access, quality, and learning outcomes. This integrative review aims to provide a broad overview of ECCE systems in 18 countries, combining evidence from the peer-reviewed literature from 2015-2025. This review systematically examines ECCE governance, public investment, enrolments, curriculum and pedagogy, teacher qualifications, infrastructure, equity (gender, disability, poverty, and rural–urban disparities), parent participation, assessment and child development outcomes to identify key gaps and cross-contextual lessons. It was found that developed countries (Finland, Sweden, Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, the United States, Japan and South Korea) have high enrolment rates (70-95%) and significant public expenditures (1-2% of GDP), but developing countries (Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Kenya, Ghana, Indonesia, Brazil and South Africa) suffer from low enrolment (20-45%), low public financing (0.1-0.5% of GDP), teacher shortage and poor infrastructure. The evidence shows that quality ECCE has an impact on school readiness, especially for children from disadvantaged groups; but there are inconsistent levels of quality coming from systemic constraints. This review shows that integrated policy changes are needed to ensure financing equity, workforce development, quality assurance mechanisms and targeted interventions to marginalised groups, in order to achieve SDG 4.2. The results have implications for policy makers, international organizations and researchers who support the promotion of quality early childhood development for all children as a basis for lifelong learning and sustainable development.
نفقہ اور کفالت کا اسلامی تصور اور پاکستانی قانونِ خاندان: بدائع الصنائع کی روشنی میں ایک تجزياتی مطالعہ
This research paper explores the Islamic concept of maintenance (Nafaqah) and child support through a comparative and analytical lens, juxtaposing the classical juristic principles outlined in Imam Al-Kasani’s magnum opus, Bada'i al-Sana'i fi Tartib al-Shara'i, against the contemporary statutory framework of Pakistani family laws. Family stability in Islam heavily relies on economic security, where the husband or father bears the absolute legal and financial responsibility of providing for the dependents. This study delves into how classical Hanafi jurisprudence conceptualizes the underlying reasons for maintenance, specifically focusing on the intersection of the wife's or child's actual needs (Hajat) and the provider's financial capacity (Wus'at or Yasar). By examining Section 9 of the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance, 1961, alongside the evolving judicial precedents of the Supreme Court and High Courts of Pakistan, this paper evaluates the practical criteria adopted by modern family courts to determine maintenance amounts. The findings reveal a profound systemic alignment between classical Hanafi rulings and Pakistani judicial trends, as courts increasingly prioritize a balanced approach that accurately measures the dependent’s baseline necessity while preventing undue financial hardship on the provider. Ultimately, this comparative analysis underscores the enduring relevance of Al-Kasani's juristic methodology in resolving contemporary family disputes and provides actionable insights for legislative refinement in Pakistan's family court system.
سورۃ الکہف میں معجزات اور واقعات کی تعبیر: تفسیرِ ماجدی اور تفسیر القرآن (سرسید) کا کلامی و تقابلی مطالعہ
This research presents a comprehensive theological and comparative analysis of the miracles and extraordinary events narrated in Surah Al-Kahf, focusing on the exegetical methodologies of Maulana Abdul Majid Daryabadi in Tafsir Majidi and Sir Syed Ahmad Khan in Tafsir-ul-Quran. The study highlights the fundamental intellectual clash between traditional Islamic scholasticism (Ilm al-Kalam) and nineteenth-century modernist rationalism. By examining key Quranic narratives—including the prolonged sleep of the Companions of the Cave, the esoteric encounter between Prophet Moses and Khidr, and the expeditions of Dhul-Qarnayn—the paper explores how classical tradition defends the metaphysical realities of the Quran, whereas the modernist approach attempts to demystify these events to align them strictly with the empirical laws of nature. The findings demonstrate that Sir Syed Ahmad Khan’s hyper-rationalist approach often leads to metaphorical reinterpretations that significantly alter the apparent and established meanings of the Quranic text, reducing divine miracles to mere historical or socio-political occurrences. In contrast, Maulana Daryabadi’s methodology successfully balances reason with revelation, asserting that divine omnipotence transcends human logic and natural laws. The research concludes that while Sir Syed’s exegesis was an apologetic response to the dominance of Western science, Tafsir Majidi provides a far more textually coherent, theologically robust, and academically rigorous defense of the Quranic worldview and the reality of miracles.
بین المذاہب ہم آہنگی میں اسلامی رواداری کی حدود اور مغربی مداہنت کا تحقیقی مطالعہ
When the history of human civilization is examined, it becomes evident that social survival and societal stability have always depended on mutual cooperation and a balanced engagement between differing viewpoints. In the contemporary era of globalization, where the world has effectively transformed into a “global village,” peaceful coexistence among followers of diverse religions and ideologies has become an unavoidable necessity. This very necessity has given rise to the noble value of tolerance. Tolerance refers to a positive and flexible attitude through which an individual or a group, while remaining firmly committed to its own ideological convictions, develops the capacity to respect and endure the existence, beliefs, and religious practices of others. It is upon this foundation that the structure of global peace can be established. However, the intellectual chaos and political expediencies of the modern age have rendered the concept of tolerance dangerously ambiguous. As a result of this ambiguity, the tendency toward compromise of principles (mudāhanah) has increasingly gained ground. Mudāhanah represents a negative and apologetic attitude in which a party, either overawed by material power or driven by temporary interests, begins to introduce such flexibility into the fundamental principles of its rightful religion that neither Shariah nor sound reason permits. This approach is often adopted out of fear of “civilizational conflict” or in an attempt to appease dominant and powerful groups. The present paper is an academic effort to highlight this subtle yet crucial distinction. The primary objective of the study is to demonstrate that tolerance is a sign of moral elevation and psychological maturity, whereas compromise of principles is a manifestation of intellectual decline and ideological defeat. This paper seeks to establish the fact that social peace requires granting space to others through tolerance, not distorting or diluting one’s own beliefs through unwarranted compromise.
“A JOURNEY OF FINE MUSLIN FROM HARAPPA CIVILIZATION TO MODERN WORLD” TANA BANNA
South Asia is blessed with a large number of ancient sites, rich traditions, values and culture. The history of clothing can be traced back to Harappa Civilization and people at that time knew the art of growing, spun and woven. Pakistan’s journey in the field of textile is long and chequered and obviously there is no doubt the cotton cloths were used in Harappa civilization. Moreover, due to its comfort and versatility make it the most demandable fabric not just in Pakistan but the entire world as well. So, this paper intends to shed light on some samples of cotton materials unearthed during excavation at Harappa civilization and also to collect the Muslin references described in early literature. This paper will provide the summary of the most important Muslin cotton fiber and fabric from the site of Harappa in the Punjab. New insight on the past will be highlighted in this research, as well as to see the contributions from the past that are adopted by the modern people of the Punjab. The way of growing, spinning and weaving at Harappa is still practiced in Pakistan and India with little advancement that clearly evident the continuity of the culture from Harappa civilization to the modern world. To explore this study qualitative research method will be utilized which is based on observation and surveys. This study will not only explore the old ancient art of Tana Banna but also help to analyze how artistic textile evolved with extended influences in other regions and embedded in the contemporary world.
قانون سازی میں عرف کی رعایت-سیرتِ رسول اللہ (صلی اللہ علیہ وآلہ وسلم) کی روشنی میں جائزہ
This research explores the recognition and consideration of ‘Urf (customary practice) in Islamic legislation in the light of the life of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Islamic law, while rooted in divine revelation, demonstrates remarkable flexibility in accommodating social customs, provided they do not contradict fundamental Islamic principles. The study highlights how the Prophet (PBUH) acknowledged and endorsed prevailing Arab customs in matters such as trade practices, social norms, contracts, and dispute resolution, either by explicit approval or through tacit consent. A qualitative and analytical approach has been adopted, relying on primary sources of Seerah and Hadith, supplemented by classical juristic works. Relevant incidents from the Prophetic biography are examined to assess how customary practices were retained, reformed, or abolished in accordance with Islamic objectives. Findings of the study illustrate that ‘Urf functioned as a practical legal source during the formative period of Islamic law. Customs conflicting with ethical and moral values were restructured, while those aligned with justice and social welfare were preserved. This Prophetic approach reflects a balanced integration of divine guidance and societal context.This study further argues that the Seerah of the Prophet (PBUH) offers a foundational framework for contemporary Islamic legislation, especially in dynamic and pluralistic societies. Recognizing valid customs within legal reasoning ensures relevance, adaptability, and public welfare (Maslahah), without compromising the core objectives of Shariah.
Al-Malhama al-Uzma and Armageddon: Divine Prophecies and Their Utilization in Contemporary Geopolitical Narratives
This study presents a comparative and critical analysis of Al-Malhama al-Uzma in Islamic eschatology and Armageddon in Judeo-Christian traditions, examining their theological foundations and contemporary geopolitical interpretations. Drawing upon primary Islamic and Biblical sources, the research highlights the doctrinal, geographical, and chronological differences between these eschatological concepts. It further explores how various ideological and political actors employ these prophecies to shape narratives, mobilize support, and legitimize political agendas. Using the framework of political theology, the study argues that the literal application of sacred end-time prophecies to contemporary conflicts can encourage extremism and distort scholarly understanding. The research emphasizes the need for critical interpretation, academic objectivity, and interdisciplinary engagement in the study of religious eschatology and its modern implications.
Asmat Ali khan ,Dr Qaisar Bilal, Dr Muhammad Shafeeq
Learning Analytics and Educational Data Mining: Transforming Student Success in Higher Education
Digital learning environments have experienced exponential growth, resulting in an unprecedented amount of educational data that can be used to transform student success in higher education. This comprehensive review discusses the convergence of Learning Analytics (LA) and Educational Data Mining (EDM) as complementary techniques to understanding, predicting and improving student learning outcomes. In Higher Education, data analytics offers a particular promise in the domains of analysis, understanding and modelling of pedagogical processes, and methodologies can lead to the emergence of highly correlative terms like Learning Analytics, Academic Analytics and Educational Data Mining, where the result of one can feed into the next. This review aims to provide a synthesis of evidence on the applications, techniques, theory and empirical effects of these data-driven approaches by systematically analysing peer-reviewed literature published from 2020 to 2025. The key findings include that early warning systems, predictive analytics, and personalized learning interventions can have a significant impact on student retention, engagement, and achievement. Research shows that students who were exposed to AI-based adaptive feedback made a 28% increase in conceptual understanding, whereas the control group made a 14% increase; student engagement rose by 35%, and cognitive overload decreased by 22%. Nevertheless, there are significant challenges, such as digital divides, especially in developing nations, algorithmic bias, data privacy considerations and ethical governance. The review suggests an integrated LA-EDM approach to improving student success and pinpoints methodological, geographic and policy gaps that need further research. The synthesis offers practical guidance to educators, administrators, policymakers, and researchers looking to leverage data-driven practices without compromising ethical considerations and equity in education.
Learning Analytics, Educational Data Mining, Student Success, Higher Education, Predictive Analytics, Personalized Learning, Artificial Intelligence in Education.
Dr. Muhammad Rafiq-uz-Zaman (Corresponding Author)
Assessment for Learning in the Era of Artificial Intelligence: Rethinking Feedback, Evaluation, and Academic Integrity
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies have been rapidly expanding, including ChatGPT and other generative AI tools, which have reshaped educational assessment. Assessment for learning (AfL), a focus on formative processes, feedback and student-centred assessment, has become embedded in a changing and increasingly complex technological landscape, with new opportunities and exciting challenges. The purpose of this systematic review is to review and to summarize current research on the field of how AI is changing assessment for learning, especially in relation to feedback practices, evaluation methods and concerns about academic integrity in education. A thorough search was performed on several electronic databases (Scopus, Web of Science, ERIC, and PsycINFO) based on the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Studies included if they explored applications of AI (generative AI, automated feedback, learning analytics, or adaptive assessment) in assessment for learning in grades K-12 or undergraduate and graduate education. Studies published between 2019 and 2025, 60 peer-reviewed empirical studies and systematic reviews, and well-cited conceptual studies were included. The synthesis indicates that AI technologies are being adopted in a variety of ways in assessments, including automated feedback, adaptive testing, intelligent tutoring systems, and predictive analytics. Research indicates that AI-driven feedback can be comparable to human feedback in some scenarios and enhance learning while some concerns have been raised about algorithmic bias, learning dependency, low agency of students, and new challenges in academic integrity of generative AI. Finding a balance between technology and pedagogy, between AI and humans, between assessment for learning and learning itself is essential to ensure the integration is balanced, human-centred, and maintains pedagogical integrity and teacher mediation, and fosters authentic learning experiences. Designing new assessments, establishing ethical guidelines, and implementing comprehensive AI literacy initiatives are critical to responsible implementation.
Assessment For Learning; Artificial Intelligence; AI In Education; Feedback; Evaluation; Academic Integrity; Formative Assessment; Generative AI; Educational Technology; Systematic Review
Research Trends and Thematic Directions in NCEBTSS2026: A Review of Conference Abstracts on Digital Transformation, Sustainable Development, and Transdisciplinary Innovation
This review paper examines the research trends and thematic directions, as highlighted in the abstracts presented during the 1st National Conference on Education, Business, Technology, and Social Sciences 2026 (NCEBTSS2026). The 43 abstracts from the NCEBTSS2026 conference papers are analyzed qualitatively using the two types of evidentiary base: the abstract and the corresponding APA reference list. The abstracts that are included in the conference papers from the NCEBTSS2026 conference are analyzed using two types of evidentiary base, namely the abstract and the APA reference list associated with it, in a qualitative manner via thematic synthesis and descriptive content analysis. The review reveals six prevailing research areas: education and learning innovations; business, entrepreneurship and market responsiveness; technology, artificial intelligence and information systems; social sustainability, culture, governance, law and peace; industrial engineering and operational excellence; and health, well-being and physical performance. The corpus is characterised by a strong applied orientation: the majority of studies address real-life problems in various institutional settings, in classrooms, in the markets, in the community or in the production process and find solutions in tools, systems, models and frameworks, in policy insights or in intervention plans. The methodological profile is diverse and it consists of quantitative correlational designs, design-development studies, Lean Six Sigma and value-stream approaches, qualitative and doctrinal inquiries, quasi-experimental education studies, a PRISMA based review, and ARDL econometric modeling. Overall, the concept of digital transformation is a political program for institutional capacity to enhance access, efficiency, analytics, decision making and service quality, not a technological program. Sustainability is seen as an "umbrellal problem", educational quality, inclusive entrepreneurship, waste reduction in the operation, preservation of culture, peace building, mental health literacy and environmental trade-offs. The paper concludes that NCEBTSS2026 is an emergent transdisciplinary research field, which is influenced by problem-driven innovation and local evidence and practice. There are, however, opportunities for more robust theoretical integration, longitudinal validation, equity-sensitive measures, and cross-sector collaboration as evident in the abstracts.
NCEBTSS2026; conference abstracts; thematic review; digital transformation; sustainable development; transdisciplinary innovation; education; business; technology; social sciences