دوستوفسکی کے ناولوں میں انسانی نفسیات، احساسِ جرم اور وجودی بحران کا مطالعہ

Abstract

Fyodor Dostoevsky is regarded as one of the greatest novelists of the nineteenth century who made human psychology, guilt, spiritual conflict, social disorder, and existential crisis the central themes of his fiction. Dostoevsky’s novels not only portray Russian society but also represent the inner collapse, psychological anxiety, and moral crisis of modern humanity. This paper presents a psychological, existential, and critical study of Dostoevsky’s major novels, particularly Crime and Punishment, The Idiot, Notes from Underground, and The Brothers Karamazov. The study draws upon the theoretical perspectives of Sigmund Freud, Mikhail Bakhtin, Jean-Paul Sartre, and existential philosophy to examine how Dostoevsky artistically portrays human consciousness, guilt, inner suffering, and spiritual unrest. The research concludes that Dostoevsky’s literature serves as a universal metaphor for the crisis of modern human existence, moral decay, and the spiritual quest for meaning.