Islamic Theology and Western Theology: A Comparative and Critical Study of Principles, Methodologies, and Intellectual Foundations

Abstract

This research article undertakes a comparative and critical examination of Islamic theology (Kalām) and Western theology, focusing on their respective principles, methodologies, and intellectual foundations. The study traces the historical development of both theological traditions, from the early speculative debates of the Muʿtazilah and Ashʿarīyah to the patristic and scholastic periods in Western Christianity. The research identifies significant divergences in sources of knowledge—revelation (waḥy), scripture, and reason—as well as core doctrines including the concept of God, prophethood, and the afterlife. Methodologically, the article contrasts rational and traditional approaches, philosophical influences, and hermeneutical frameworks. While both traditions grapple with questions of divine transcendence, human free will, and salvation, their foundational presuppositions produce distinct theological conclusions. The study argues that Islamic theology maintains a stricter adherence to scriptural authority with reason serving a subordinate role, whereas Western theology exhibits greater integration of Greek philosophical categories. The critical evaluation highlights areas of potential dialogue and irreconcilable difference. This research contributes to interfaith theological discourse and offers a rigorous academic framework for future comparative studies.