غزواتِ نبوی میں مالِ غنیمت کی تقسیم: فقہ الحدیث کی روشنی میں تجزیاتی مطالعہ

Distribution of War Booty (Ghanaim) in the Prophetic Campaigns:

Abstract

This research article presents a comprehensive analytical study of the distribution of war booty (mal-e-ghanīmah) during the prophetic battles (ghazawāt) within the framework of fiqh al-ḥadīth (the jurisprudence of prophetic traditions). The system of war booty held profound economic, military, and social significance in the early Islamic period. The study is centered on a comparative analysis of detailed accounts found in the Qur’an, prophetic traditions (aḥādīth), sīrah literature, and maghāzī works. The research demonstrates that the rulings on the distribution of booty underwent a developmental process, being implemented in various forms during key battles such as Badr, Uḥud, Khaybar, and Ḥunayn. In addition to tracing this evolution, the study highlights how these prophetic practices reflect a dynamic legal framework responsive to changing circumstances. Finally, it critically analyzes the divergent opinions among classical jurists regarding certain aspects of booty distribution, along with the evidentiary grounds for their positions. It also underscores the relevance of revisiting such foundational rulings to better grasp the principles of justice and socio-economic balance in Islamic law.